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Under normal thermal equilibrium, more atoms reside in the ground state than in excited states. Silfvast demonstrates that to achieve optical gain, systems must force a ( I hope this provides a comprehensive overview of

Understanding Laser Fundamentals: A Review of Silfvast's Comprehensive Guide laser fundamentals silfvast pdf 2021

The behavior of a laser can be described by a set of rate equations that describe the dynamics of the gain medium and the optical field. The rate equations are: